Configware

Re-configurable or the coarse-grained reconfigurable platforms which includes the FPGA’s (field-programmable gate arrays) or the reconfigurable data path arrays (rDPAs) are commonly termed as morphware. The program resource of morphware is called the configware (configuration ware). It was in the mid 90’s, Prof. Reiner Hartenstein and TU Kaiserslautern, came up with this revolutionary concept. Configware is considered to be a matching part of the software, but differs by their method of programming. Software usually of an instruction-based nature, has always a procedural way of programming while configware confines to the structural method of programming.

The configware code files having parts of unique nature, to specific producers, always represent the bit code configuration files for a FPGA (field-programmable gate array)

or for a rDPA (morphware). They also symbolise the configuration of logic blocks, which are internal to the device, their interconnection between the blocks and the external I/O. Some software of the configuration management disposition always manages these configuration code files. Data scheduling is initiated using flow-ware, once the configuration is through and the resources are available.

These days, von-Neumann-like processors employs configware compilers and other configware application development support tools, as their software which is likely to change in the future for many reasons. The emerging operating systems for configware (CW-OS) gains the edge, above the operating systems for software (SW-OS) with respect to its ability to manage multi-tasking and other administrative jobs on the reconfigurable platforms. CW-OS also gets the upper hand in reconfigurable systems, where the parts of the reconfigurable resources are at execution mode while the other parts are at configuration mode and also achieve the flexibility and the resource saving through the swapping of configware code modules.

ZFS

Todays file systems, which the system administrators observe to be always in the verge of data corruption and more over find it extremely difficult to manage due to its slow rate of execution has enabled ZFS to emerge as one of the most powerful file system. Used in Suns Solaris 10 Operating System (Solaris OS), ZFS finds its edge over the other file systems by its unique features of

• Cutting short the administrative difficulties by 80 percent by automating and combining complicated storage administration concepts.
• It ensures the data integrity and safety of all data with 64-bit checksums that can detect and correct silent data corruption.
• It offers more scalability by providing 16 billion times storage of 32 or 64 bit systems.
• High performance gains are achieved by using the concept of transactional object model that removes most of the traditional constraints on the order of issuing I/Os.

SALT

SALT (Speech Application Language Tags)

SALT stands for Speech Application Language Tags. It consists of small set of XML elements with associated attributes and DOM object properties, events and methods which apply a speech interface to web pages. SALT allows applications to be run on a wide variety of devices and also through different methods for inputting data.

The main design principle of SALT include reuse the existing standards for grammar, speech output and also separation of the speech interface from business logic and data etc. SALT is designed to run inside different Web execution environments. So SALT does not have any predefined execution model but it uses an event-wiring model.

It contains a set of tags for inputting the data as well as storing and manipulating that data. The main elements of a SALT document are , and . Using these elements we can specify grammar for inputting data , inspect the results of recognition and copy those results properly and provide the application needed.The architecture of SALT contains mainly 4 components

FREENET

FREENET- A Distributed and Anonymous
Information Storage and Retrieval System

Networked computer systems are rapidly growing in importance as the medium of choice for the storage and exchange of information. However, current systems afford little privacy to their users, and typically store any given data item in only one or a few fixed places, creating a central point of failure. Because of a continued desire among individuals to protect the privacy of their authorship or readership of various types of sensitive information, and the undesirability of central points of failure which can be attacked by opponents wishing to remove data from the system or simply overloaded by too much interest, systems offering greater security and reliability are needed.

Freenet is being developed as a distributed information storage and retrieval system designed to address these concerns of privacy and availability. The system operates as a location-independent distributed file system across many individual computers that allow files to be inserted, stored, and requested anonymously. There are five main design goals:

" Anonymity for both producers and consumers of information
" Deniability for storers of information
" Resistance to attempts by third parties to deny access to information
" Efficient dynamic storage and routing of information
" Decentralization of all network functions

The system is designed to respond adaptively to usage patterns, transparently moving, replicating, and deleting files as necessary to provide efficient service without resorting to broadcast searches or centralized location indexes. It is not intended to guarantee permanent file storage, although it is hoped that a sufficient number of nodes will join with enough storage capacity that most files will be able to remain indefinitely. In addition, the system operates at the application layer and assumes the existence of a secure transport layer, although it is transport-independent. It does not seek to provide anonymity for general network usage, only for Freenet file transactions.

Freenet is currently being developed as a free software project on http://sourceforge.net, and a preliminary implementation can be downloaded from http://www.freenetproject.org. It grew out of work originally done by the first author at the University of Edinburgh

TIGER SHARC Processor

The Tiger SHARC processor is the newest and most power member of this family which incorporates many mechanisms like SIMD, VLIW and short vector memory access in a single processor. This is the first time that all these techniques have been combined in a real time processor.
The TigerSHARC DSP is an ultra high-performance static superscalar architecture that is optimized for tele-communications infrastructure and other computationally demanding applications. This unique architecture combines elements of RISC, VLIW, and standard DSP processors to provide native support for 8, 16, and 32-bit fixed, as well as floating-point data types on a single chip.
Large on-chip memory, extremely high internal and external bandwidths and dual compute blocks provide the necessary capabilities to handle a vast array of computationally demanding, large signal processing tasks

Globe valves

Globe valves are named for their spherical body shape. The two halves of the valve body are separated by a baffle with a disc in the center. Globe valves operate by screw action of the handwheel. They are used for applications requiring throttling and frequent operation. Since the baffle restricts flow, they're not recommended where full, unobstructed flow is required.
A bonnet provides leakproof closure for the valve body. Globe valves may have a screw-in, union, or bolted bonnet. Screw-in bonnet is the simplest bonnet, offering a durable, pressure-tight seal. Union bonnet is suitable for applications requiring frequent inspection or cleaning. It also gives the body added strength. Bolted bonnet is used for larger or higher pressure applications.
Many globe valves have a class rating that corresponds to the pressure specifications of ANSI 16.34. Other different types of valve usually are called globe style valves because of the shape of the body or the way of closure of the disk. As an example typical swing check valves could be called globe type.

Butterfly valve

A Butterfly valve is a type of flow control device, used to make a fluid start or stop flowing through a section of pipe. The valve is similar in operation to a ball valve. A flat circular plate is positioned in the center of the pipe. The plate has a rod through it connected to a handle on the outside of the valve. Rotating the handle turns the plate either parallel or perpendicular to the flow of water, shutting off the flow. It is a very robust and reliable design. However, unlike the ball valve, the plate does not rotate out of the flow of water, so that a pressure drop is induced in the flow.
There are three types of butterfly valve:
1.Resilient butterfly valve which has a flexible rubber seat. Working pressure up to 1.6 Mpa.
2.High performance butterfly valve which is usually double eccentric in design . Working pressure up to 5.0 Mpa.
3.Tricentric butterfly valve which is usually with metal seated design. Working pressure up to 10.0 Mpa.
Butterfly valves are also commonly utilised in conjunction with carburetors to control the flow of air through the intake manifold and hence the flow of fuel and air into an internal combustion engine. The butterfly valve in this circumstance called a throttle as it is 'throttling' the engines aspiration. It is controlled via a cable or electronics by the furthest right pedal in the drivers footwell (although adaptions for hand control do exist). This is why the accelerator pedal in some countries is called a throttle pedal.

Diesel Particulate Filter

A Diesel Particulate Filter, sometimes called a DPF, is device designed to remove Diesel Particulate Matter or soot from the exhaust gas of a Diesel engine, most of which are rated at 85% efficiency, but often attaining efficiencies of over 90%. A Diesel-powered vehicle with a filter installed will emit no visible smoke from its exhaust pipe.
In addition to collecting the particulate, a method must be designed to get rid of it. Some filters are single use (disposable), while others are designed to burn off the accumulated particulate, either through the use of a catalyst (passive), or through an active technology, such as a fuel burner which heats the filter to soot combustion temperatures, or through engine modifications (the engine is set to run a certain specific way when the filter load reachs a pre-determined level, either to heat the exhaust gasses, or to produce high amounts of No2, which will oxidize the particualte at relatively low temperatures). This procedure is known as 'filter regeneration.' Fuel sulfur interferes many 'Regeneration' strategies, and all jurisdictions that are interested in reduction of particulate emissions, are also passing regulations governing fuel sulfur levels.

CVCC

CVCC is a trademark by the Honda Motor Company for a device used to reduce automotive emissions called Compound Vortex Controlled Combustion. This technology allowed Honda's cars to meet the 1970s US Emission requirements without a catalytic converter, and first appeared on the 1975 ED1 engine. It is a form of stratified charge engine.
Honda CVCC engines have normal inlet and exhaust valves, plus a small auxiliary inlet valve which provides a relatively rich air / fuel mixture to a volume near the spark plug. The remaining air / fuel charge, drawn into the cylinder through the main inlet valve is leaner than normal. The volume near the spark plug is contained by a small perforated metal plate. Upon ignition flame fronts emerge from the perforations and ignite the remainder of the air / fuel charge. The remaining engine cycle is as per a standard four stroke engine.
This combination of a rich mixture near the spark plug, and a lean mixture in the cylinder allowed stable running, yet complete combustion of fuel, thus reducing CO (carbon monoxide) and hydrocarbon emissions.

E85

E85 is an alcohol fuel mixture of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline, by volume. ethanol derived from crops (bioethanol) is a biofuel.
E85 as a fuel is widely used in Sweden and is becoming increasingly common in the United States, mainly in the Midwest where corn is a major crop and is the primary source material for ethanol fuel production.
E85 is usually used in engines modified to accept higher concentrations of ethanol. Such flexible-fuel engines are designed to run on any mixture of gasoline or ethanol with up to 85% ethanol by volume. The primary differences from non-FFVs is the elimination of bare magnesium, aluminum, and rubber parts in the fuel system, the use of fuel pumps capable of operating with electrically-conductive (ethanol) instead of non-conducting dielectric (gasoline) fuel, specially-coated wear-resistant engine parts, fuel injection control systems having a wider range of pulse widths (for injecting approximately 30% more fuel), the selection of stainless steel fuel lines (sometimes lined with plastic), the selection of stainless steel fuel tanks in place of terne fuel tanks, and, in some cases, the use of acid-neutralizing motor oil. For vehicles with fuel-tank mounted fuel pumps, additional differences to prevent arcing, as well as flame arrestors positioned in the tank's fill pipe, are also sometimes used.