PRESENT FUELS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

PRESENT FUELS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE :-

1. Gasoline.
2. Diesel.
3. Alcohol
4. LPG.
5. CNG.
6. Electricity.
7. Solar.
8. Producer gas.
9. Hydrogen.

Present Fuels and Limitations:-

There are so many fuels used in I.C. Engines, but they have certain physical and chemical properties. In other words, fuels used in I.C. Engine re designed tom satisfy performance requirements of engine system, in which they are used. The limitations of fuels that are used presently are as follows
1. Gasoline contains many impurities. It has low octane number. All petroleum fuels oxidize slowly in presence of air. The oxidation of unsaturated hydrocarbons result in formation of resinous materials called

gum and reduces its lubricating quality and tends to form sludge and warmish on piston and rings. It has less knock resistance as well as energy per unit mass. It has less efficiency compared to other fuels. It has high cost.
2. In alcohol, higher latent heat of vaporization reduced charge temperatures before combustion. Alcohols suffer disadvantages of water absorption, corrosive and lubricant incompatibility.
3. In LPG, it reduces volumetric efficiency due to its high heat of vaporization. The road sensitivity is very high. It is very corrosive. Response to blending is very poor. It has higher cost of transportation. It has higher cost for conversion kit, installation of extensive.
4. In electricity, they use in initially generated power stations that use fossil fuel of nuclear power. There are other problems too. The problem is with batteries in these vehicles. These batteries are quite heavy and life of these is also low. Cost of replacing these batteries is high.

The Role of Software in Nuclear Engineering

The Role of Software in Nuclear Engineering

The Radiation Safety Information Computational Center (RSICC) is focused on collecting, organizing, and disseminating computational codes and nuclear data associated with radiation transport and safety. Established in 1963 as the Radiation Shielding Information Center, RSICC currently has a library of approximately 1700 code and data packages used for radiation source characterization, dosimetry, neutral- and charged-particle shielding, criticality safety, radiation dispersion modeling, and reactor physics. Although a large number of these software packages represent an archiving of historical information, approximately 2000 software packages are distributed each year because they represent current state-of-the-art software that is valuable for general- and special-purpose nuclear analyses. These software packages are widely distributed worldwide, especially to nuclear engineering students and professors.

Engineering Ferrous Metal

Engineering Ferrous Metal

Use of Ferrous Metals in Precision Presswork & Tooling
All metals can be classified as Non ferrous metals and Ferrous metals. Ferrous metals are those metals which contain iron. They may have small amounts of other metals or other elements added, to give the required properties. All ferrous metals are magnetic and give little resistance to corrosion.
Most commonly used ferrous metals are Mild Steel, High Speed Steel, Stainless Steel, High Tensile Steel and Cast Iron.

Here are some ferrous metals with are used for tool making, manufacturing of pressed components and other industrial supplies.

Mild Steel:

It is the most commonly used ferrous metal. Its major properties are Toughness, high tensile strength and ductility. It contains 0.15 to0.30% carbon. Because of low carbon content it can not be hardened and tempered. It must be case hardened. It is normally used in manufacturing of girders, plates, nuts and bolts and other general purposes.

Cast Iron:

Cast iron is another example of commonly used ferrous metal. It is hard, brittle, strong, cheap, and self-lubricating ferrous metal. It is remelted pig iron with small amounts of scrap steel. It can be classified as Whitecast iron, grey cast iron, and malleable cast iron. It is normally used in the manufacturing of heavy crushing machinery. car cylinder blocks, vices, machine tool parts, brake drums, machine handle and gear wheels, plumbing fitments etc. Its an important ferrous metal in automotive pressing.

High Tensile Steel:

It is very strong and very tough ferrous metal and is exclusively used for manufacturing of Gears, shafts, engine parts etc. This is one of the most frequently used ferrous metals in industries because of its strength, hardness and toughness.

Stainless Steel

Its another very important ferrous metal. It comprises of 18% chromium, and 8% nickel. Its special characteristic is its strong resistance to corrosion. Its common uses are Kitchen draining boards, Pipes, cutlery and aircraft.

High Speed Steel

High speed steel is also a ferrous metal. It contains medium carbon, tungsten, chromium and vanadium. It can be hardened, tempered and can be brittle. Its special characteristic is that it retains hardness at high temperatures.

High Carbon Steel:

High Carbon Steel is a ferrous metal which contains of 0.70% to 1.40% carbon. The major characteristic is its hardness. It is the hardest of the carbon steels, but is less ductile, tough and malleable. It is used in making os Chisels, hammers, drills, files, lathe tools, taps and dies.

Medium Carbon Steels:

As the name says, this ferrous metal contains less Carbon contents, 0.30% to 0.70%. It is stronger and harder than mild steels, less ductile, tough and malleable. It is used in making metal ropes, wire, garden tools, springs etc.